Polygonum multiflorum Root
Polygonum multiflorum Root
Final Authorized Version 1.0
Polygonum multiflorum Root
DEFINITION
The article consists of the dried root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. with the currently accepted Latin name Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke (Family Polygonaceae)1, collected in autumn or winter. It contains NLT 1.5% of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (C20H22O9) on the dried basis; NLT 0.10% of total anthraquinones, calculated as the sum of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside (C21H20O10), physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside (C22H22O10), emodin (C15H10O5), and physcion (C16H12O5), on the dried basis; and NLT 0.07% of total anthraquinone glycosides, calculated as the sum of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, on the dried basis.
SYNONYMS
Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson
Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Turcz. ex Nakai
Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke
POTENTIAL CONFOUNDING MATERIALS
Pteroxygonum giraldii Dammer & Diels, root
Polygonum cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi, root
Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, root
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc., root
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, root
SELECTED COMMON NAMES
Chinese: 何首乌 (He Shou Wu)
English: Chinese Fleeceflower root, Fo-ti
German: Chinesischer Flügelknöterich
Japanese: カシュウ
Korean: 하수오
Spanish: Raiz de Fo-ti
Swedish: Kinabinda
CONSTITUENTS OF INTEREST
Stilbenes: 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside
Anthraquinones: Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, emodin, and physcion
IDENTIFICATION
• A. Botanical Characteristics
Macroscopic: Briquette or irregular spindle, 6–15 cm long, 4–12 cm in diameter (distinction from Polygonum cuspidatum, that is 0.5–2.5 cm in diameter). Externally reddish-brown, shrunken and uneven with shallow grooves, transverse elongated lenticel-like protrusion, and fine rootlet scars. The fracture is pale yellowish-brown or pale reddish-brown and starchy; the phloem exhibits 4–11 subround allotype vascular bundles arranged in a ring, forming brocaded patterns; the xylem in the central part is larger with an occasionally woody core. The texture is dense, compact, and not easily broken.
Microscopic
Transverse section: The cork consists of several layers of cells filled with brown contents. The phloem is relatively broad, scattered with 4–11 subrounded allotype vascular bundles of collateral type, vessels are rare. The central cambium of the root is in a ring, with few vessels in the xylem, surrounded by some tracheids and a few lignified fibres. The parenchymatous cells contain starch granules and clusters of calcium oxalate.
• B. Thin-Layer Chromatography
Standard solution A: 0.5 mg/mL of USP 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside RS and 0.1 mg/mL of USP Emodin RS in methanol
Standard solution B: 60 mg/mL of USP Polygounm multiflorum Root Dry Extract RS in methanol. Sonicate for 15 min, centrifuge, and use the supernatant.
Sample solution: Transfer about 500 mg of Polygounm multiflorum Root, finely powdered, into 5 mL of methanol. Sonicate for 15 min, centrifuge, and use the supernatant.
Chromatographic system
(See Chromatography <621>, Thin-Layer Chromatography.)
Adsorbent: Use a suitable chromatographic silica gel mixture with an average particle size of 5 µm (HPTLC plates).
Application volume: 2 µL each of Standard solution A and Standard solution B and 7 µL of Sample solution, as 8-mm bands
Relative humidity: Condition the plate to a relative humidity of about 33% using a suitable device.
Developing solvent system: Toluene, anhydrous ethanol, and glacial acetic acid (8: 2: 0.5)
Developing distance: 6 cm
Analysis
Samples: Standard solution A, Standard solution B, and Sample solution
Apply the Samples as bands to a suitable HPTLC plate and dry in air. Develop the chromatograms in a saturated chamber, remove the plate from the chamber, and dry in a hood. Examine under UV light at 366 nm.
System suitability: Under UV light at 366 nm, Standard solution B exhibits, in the lower-half, a bright blue band corresponding in RF and color to the band of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside in Standard solution A, and two faint brownish or red bands above the bright blue band. In the upper-half, Standard solution B exhibits two yellow bands, one corresponding in RFand color to the band of emodin in Standard solution A, and another one above emodin.
Acceptance criteria: Under UV light at 366 nm, the Sample solution exhibits, in the lower-half, a bright blue band corresponding in RF and color to the band of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside in Standard solutions A and B (distinction from Pteroxygonum giraldii root, Cynanchum auriculatum root, and Fagopyrum esculentum root; Polygonum cillinerve root and Polygonum cuspidatum root exhibit a similar band due to polydatin, thus distinction from P. cillinerve root and P. cuspidatum root is achieved by Identification D, Stilbene Glycosides HPLC Profile), one blue-green band may appear immediately above the bright blue band, and two faint brownish or red bands corresponding in RF and color to similar bands in Standard solution B appear above the blue band; the one with lower RF is due to emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside. In the upper-half, the Sample solution exhibits two yellow bands due to emodin and physcion corresponding in RF and color to similar bands in Standard solution B (distinction from Pteroxygonum giraldii root, Cynanchum auriculatum root, and Fagopyrum esculentum root).
• C. Anthraquinones and Anthraquinone Glycosides HPLC Profile
Analysis: Proceed as directed in the Assay for Content of Anthraquinones.
Acceptance criteria: The Sample solution exhibits a peak with a retention time corresponding to emodin in Standard solution A and peaks for emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, and physcion corresponding to the retention times for the same anthraquinones in Standard solution B. The peak for emodin is more intense than that for physcion; and the peak for emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside is more intense than that for physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside.
• D. Stilbene Glycosides HPLC Profile
Analysis: Proceed as directed in the Assay for Content of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside.
Acceptance criteria: The Sample solution exhibits only one principal peak with a retention time corresponding to 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (distinction from P. cillinerve root, that shows three principal peaks, one corresponding to polydatin; and P. cuspidatum root for which the principal peak corresponds to polydatin) in the Standard solution.
ASSAY
• Content of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside
Solution A: 0.1% Formic acid in water
Solution B: Acetonitrile
Mobile phase: See Table 1.
Table 1
|
Time |
Solution A |
Solution B |
| 0 | 83 | 17 |
| 10 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 72 | 28 |
| 20 | 0 | 100 |
| 25 | 0 | 100 |
| 26 | 83 | 17 |
| 35 | 83 | 17 |
[Note—Protect from light and proceed under low actinic light. The Standard solution and Sample solution are stable for 24 h at room temperature.]
Solvent: Methanol and water (7:3)
System suitability solution: 0.25 mg/mL each of USP 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside RS and USP Polydatin RS in methanol
Standard solution: 0.25 mg/mL of USP 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside RS in methanol
Sample solution: Accurately transfer about 200 mg of Polygounm multiflorum Root, finely powdered, into a suitable flask and accurately add 15 mL of Solvent. Weigh the filled flask with a precision of ± 0.1 mg and then reflux for 90 min. After cooling to room temperature, adjust to the initial weight by adding methanol. Before injection, pass through a membrane filter of 0.45-μm or finer pore size, and discard the first portion of the filtrate.
Chromatographic system
(See Chromatography <621>, System Suitability.)
Mode: LC
Detector: UV 320 nm
Column: 4.6-mm × 25-cm; 5-μm packing L1 (similar to Shimadzu ODS C18 and Agilent Zorbax Stable Bond C18)
Column temperature: 35 ± 5°
Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
Injection volume: 10 µL
System suitability
Samples: System suitability solution and Standard solution
Suitability requirements
Resolution: NLT 1.5 between 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside and polydatin peaks, System suitability solution. [Note—The approximate relative retention times of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside and polydatin are 1.00 and 0.95, respectively.]
Tailing factor: NMT 1.5 for 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, Standard solution
Relative standard deviation: NMT 2.0% for 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, Standard solution
Analysis
Samples: Standard solution and Sample solution
Using the chromatogram of the Standard solution, identify the retention time of the peak for 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside in the Sample solution.
Calculate the percentage of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside in the portion of Polygounm multiflorum Root taken:
Result = (rU/rS) × CS × (V/W) × 100
rU = peak area of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside from the Sample solution
rS = peak area of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside from the Standard solution
CS = concentration of USP 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside RS in the Standard solution (mg/mL)
V = volume of the Sample solution (mL)
W = weight of Polygounm multiflorum Root taken to prepare the Sample solution (mg)
Acceptance criteria: NLT 1.5% on the dried basis
• Content of Anthraquinones
Solution A: 0.1% Formic acid in water
Solution B: Acetonitrile
Mobile phase: See Table 2.
Table 2
|
Time (min) |
Solution A (%) |
Solution B (%) |
| 0 | 70 | 30 |
| 3 | 70 | 30 |
| 8 | 50 | 50 |
| 10 | 0 | 100 |
| 13 | 0 | 100 |
| 14 | 70 | 30 |
| 19 | 70 | 30 |
[Note—Protect from light and proceed under low actinic light. The Standard solution and Sample solution are stable for 24 h at room temperature.]
Standard solution A: 0.01 mg/mL of USP Emodin RS in methanol
Standard solution B: 6 mg/mL of USP Polygounm multiflorum Root Dry Extract RS in methanol, sonicate for 15 min, centrifuge, and pass through a membrane filter of 0.45-μm or finer pore size.
Sample solution: Accurately transfer about 200 mg of Polygounm multiflorum Root, finely powdered, into a suitable flask and accurately add 15 mL of methanol. Weigh the filled flask with a precision of ± 0.1 mg and then reflux for 60 min. After cooling to room temperature, adjust to the initial weight by adding methanol. Before injection, pass through a membrane filter of 0.45-μm or finer pore size, and discard the first portion of the filtrate.
Chromatographic system
(See Chromatography <621>, System Suitability.)
Mode: LC
Detector: UV 280 nm
Column: 4.6 mm × 15 cm; 5-μm packing L1 (similar to Shimadzu ODS C18, Agilent Zorbax Stable Bond C18, and Thermo Syncronis C18)
Column temperature: 30 ± 5°
Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
Injection volume: 10 µL
System suitability
Samples: Standard solution A and Standard solution B
Suitability requirements
Chromatogram similarity: The chromatogram of Standard solution B is similar to the reference chromatogram provided with the lot of USP Polygounm multiflorum Root Dry Extact RS being used.
Resolution: NLT 1.5 between the peak of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside and the peak after it, Standard solution B
Tailing factor: NMT 1.5 for emodin peak, Standard solution A
Relative standard deviation: NMT 3.0% for emodin, Standard solution A
Analysis
Samples: Standard solution A, Standard solution B, and Sample solution
Using the chromatograms of Standard solution A, Standard solution B, and the reference chromatogram provided with the lot of USP Polygounm multiflorum Root Dry Extract RS being used, identify the retention times of the peaks corresponding to emodin, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, and physcion in the Sample solution. [Note—The approximate relative retention times of the analytes are provided in Table 3.]
Table 3
| Analyte | Approximate Relative Retention Times | Conversion Factor |
| Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside | 0.55 | 1.15 |
| Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside | 0.68 | 1.18 |
| Emodin | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Physcion | 1.08 | 1.04 |
Separately calculate the percentages of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, emodin, and physcion in the portion of Polygounm multiflorum Root taken:
Result = (rU/rS) × CS × (V/W) × F ×100
rU = peak area of the relevant analyte from the Sample solution
rS = peak area of emodin from Standard solution A
CS = concentration of USP Emodin RS in Standard solution A (mg/mL)
V = volume of the Sample solution (mL)
W = weight of Polygounm multiflorum Root taken to prepare the Sample solution (mg)
F = conversion factor for the analytes (see Table 3)
Calculate the content of total anthraquinones as the sum of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside, emodin, and physcion.
Calculate the content of total anthraquinone glycosides as the sum of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-d-glucoside.
Acceptance criteria
Total anthraquinones: NLT 0.10% on the dried basis
Total anthraquinone glycosides: NLT 0.07% on the dried basis
CONTAMINANTS
• Elemental Impurities—Procedures <233>
Acceptance criteria
Arsenic: NMT 2.0 µg/g
Cadmium: NMT 0.3 µg/g
Lead: NMT 5.0 µg/g
Mercury: NMT 0.2 µg/g
• Articles of Botanical Origin, General Method for Pesticide Residues Analysis <561>: Meets the requirements
• Microbial Enumeration Tests <61>: The total aerobic bacterial count does not exceed 105 cfu/g, the total combined molds and yeasts count does not exceed 103 cfu/g, and the bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria does not exceed 103 cfu/g.
• Tests for Specified Microorganisms <62>: Meets the requirements of the tests for the absence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Aflatoxins <561>: Meets the requirements
SPECIFIC TESTS
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Foreign Organic Matter <561>: NMT 2.0%
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Alcohol-Soluble Extractives, Method 1 <561>: NLT 15.0%
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Water-Soluble Extractives, Method 2 <561>: NLT 13.0%
Sample: 1.0 g of Polygounm multiflorum Root, finely powdered
Analysis: Dry the Sample at 105° for 5 h.
Acceptance criteria: NMT 13.0%
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Total Ash <561>
Analysis: 4.0 g of Polygounm multiflorum Root, finely powdered
Acceptance criteria: NMT 5.0%
• Articles of Botanical Origin, Acid-Insoluble Ash <561>: NMT 2.0%
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Packaging and Storage: Preserve in well-closed containers, protected from light, moisture, and moths, and store at controlled room temperature.
• Labeling: The label states the Latin binomial and the part(s) of the plant contained in the article.
• USP Reference Standards <11>
USP Emodin RS
USP Polydatin RS
USP Polygounm multiflorum Root Dry Extract RS
USP 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside RS
1 Source of current accepted botanical name used is The Plant List accessible at http://www.theplantlist.org/.
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